What is SQL? Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized programming language used to manage relational databases and perform data manipulation operations. These SQL interview questions target data analyst and engineer queries.
INNER JOIN returns records matching in both tables. LEFT JOIN returns all records from the left table and matching records from the right table (with nulls for mismatches). RIGHT JOIN returns all records from the right table and matching records from the left.
WHERE filters individual row records before any aggregation (GROUP BY) calculations occur. HAVING filters grouped rows after aggregation calculations have been processed.
An Index is a database data structure (typically a B-Tree) that enables rapid row lookups. Instead of performing full table scans, the query planner searches the index file to locate row addresses instantly, reducing read operations.
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